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The classrooms in our schools are more congested with technology than ever before. When I was at primary school there was a BBC Micro Model B in the corner of the classroom and a couple of Acorn computers in the library. Today almost every teaching space is equipped with a computer and Interactive White Board (IWB) and schools have computer suites with enough computers for whole classes of pupils at the same time. Many lessons are delivered, at least partially, through the use of PowerPoint or Prezi presentations and watching video content no longer requires uprooting a whole class to a separate room to sit in front of an antiquated VCR and TV combo. Many people consider the proliferation of these technologies throughout schools to be an entirely positive development however I feel it is important to take a balanced view. This essay will attempt to critically analyse the research into the effects of technology in the classroom. It will also ask whether we are using the technology that is available to us in the most effective way, paying particular attention to the use of IWBs in classroom teaching.

As a digital native I have always been very keen to embrace all and any technology that is available to me however it has become clear that these technologies do not always make for better student outcomes, the success of the learning environments that contain these technologies is dependent on the pedagogies utilised by the practitioners within them. I have seen both good and bad practice in my school experience. In many cases teachers seem to be using IWBs as a direct replacement for the black and whiteboards that have been in schools for years. There are some very limited benefits with this kind of use of IWBs. The teacher is able to keep eye contact with the class for a greater proportion of the time because putting new information on the board only requires a tap of a pen on the board, rather than the lengthy erasing/writing process required on a normal black or white board. (Beauchamp, 2004) This small benefit of the modernisation of classrooms from the analogue to the digital is not in itself enough to justify the costs involved in upgrading. It is only when a new, interactive pedagogy is adopted that the costs involved in these upgrades become worthwhile. This area has been extensively written about and the conclusion above is one echoed across lots of different pieces of academic research. (Abbeduto & Simons, 2010; Schuck & Kearney, 2007; Miller, Glover, & Averis, 2004) Even when teachers are using new pedagogies, such as PowerPoint presentations, all is not immediately and automatically well. In the hands of a teacher who is proficient in and enthusiastic about using PowerPoint presentations and similar presentation technologies they can be extremely beneficial to the class, however teachers who centre their lessons around longwinded slides, or even worse, read directly from them, could actually be doing more harm than good (Lightfoot, L, 2011) So what actually constitutes best practice? How can teachers create lessons that best utilise the equipment they have available to them? Do IWBs help to create motivational learning environments? And, how can we equip teachers with the required skills to make the most out of this technology?

One of the most important factors in ensuring that the right training regimes are put into place. It is of the utmost importance that the training provided to teachers is of high quality and ongoing. It is easy for schools that have installed the IWB technology to hold a one off technical training day in order to improve teachers understanding of the technology however this approach is very unlikely to yield the best results for students. Training needs to cover the technical aspects of using IWB technology but must also, and perhaps more importantly, help teachers integrate this technology into their pedagogy and conversely mould their pedagogy around it. Clearly this cannot be achieved with a one off technical training session. Some staff, those who are keen and interested in the technology, will take it upon themselves to improve their skills and to make the most of the equipment available to them. However those who are less keen or perhaps even intimidated by the technology will find it easier to stick with the basics and will not begin to exploit the full potential of these devices. (Digregorio & Sobel-Lojeski, 2010) With this in mind it is important to implement a long term, whole school approach to training, allocating long term support and guidance to all the practitioners within a school but also providing the opportunity for teachers to feedback to each other and share good practice.

A school culture that reflects a wide “buy-in” from teachers to the IWB concept will allow administrators and faculty to observe, coach, and give constructive feedback to each other. …By giving teachers the proper ongoing technical and pedagogic IWB training, they are likely to be better equipped to transform their teaching as compared to their relatively inexperienced counterparts (Digregorio & Sobel-Lojeski, 2010).

With the correct training it is obvious that IWBs offer an opportunity to make classroom teaching more centred on the pupil when compared to the more didactic methods of the past. Children are no longer expected to sit quietly at the back of the class listening to an endless stream of information. The teacher is no longer considered to be the infallible source of all knowledge. It is expected that pupils and teachers should work together, interacting with the technology available to them in order to learn. It is important to distinguish the difference between the interactivity that any given piece of equipment can facilitate and whether these interactivities can contribute towards an educational dialogue. It is clear that the IWB provides many opportunities for pupils and teachers to interact with it. It is possible to highlight, erase and annotate text, you can animate objects and it can automatically recognise handwriting. It is even possible to set the IWB to provide feedback such as sounds and animations when a correct answer is selected. Clearly all of these features are “interactions” but the question still remains as to whether they are beneficial to the educational dialogue within a classroom. Implementing a dialogic approach to teaching involves encouraging learners and teachers to share ideas and build upon each other’s knowledge in order to reach shared conclusions. (Alexander, 2004) It is by adopting this attitude to teaching and embracing this way of working that teachers are able to make the most out of the technology available to them. IWBs and other advanced technology should not to be seen as the driver of pedagogical change but merely a tool which can help a teacher to implement new pedagogies they are already fully committed to.

It seems that a tool such as the IWB can present new possibilities for a teacher, but it is as the servant of pedagogy and not its master. … Those teachers with dialogic intentions strive to employ a variety of IWB functions to enhance the quality of pupils’ learning experience. Thus the effective use of the IWB as an educational tool is not inherent in the hardware, software or even the materials it displays. It is predicated upon the teacher’s practical understanding of how to engage students and to help them learn (Mercer, Hennessey & Warwick, 2010).

There is a great deal of agreement regarding the effects on motivation that the introduction of IWB technology has on students, initially at least there seems to be a short term positive impact on the motivation of pupils. (Armstrong et. al., 2005; Shenton & Pagett, 2007; Wood & Ashfield, 2008) In a 2002 survey conducted in two Sheffield schools, a high proportion of children, (57 – 68%) when surveyed described lessons using the IWB as more fun and interesting. (Torff & Tirotta, 2009) Whilst this is a positive result it does suggest that the added motivational value of being taught using an IWB is not as large as it could be. It is therefore very important that these pieces of equipment are used in the best possible way, in order to maximise their impact.

Another consideration to think about is whether just because the technology is available to you, it should be used at all times without any consideration for the pedagogical benefits. There are several ways to look at this but perhaps the most interesting and useful is the SAMR model. SAMR stands for Substitution, Augmentation, Modification and Redefinition and at its simplest form allows you as a practitioner to see what benefits your use of technology has. At the substitution level all that is really being achieved is replacing an analogue technology with a digital one. This could be as simple as showing your class a map of their town on Google maps rather than in a road atlas. In this case you are not really adding to the learning and some would argue that you are actually taking away from the learning by not teaching map reading skills. In the second level of the SAMR model you might use Google maps to plan a walking route through a town with your class, in this case the technology has augmented the learning by giving precise distance data for the route you have planned. In the third level learning is actually modified and the technology gives you opportunities that may not be possible without the technology, an example of this might be using Google street view to see the types of housing in cities and towns around the world. And the fourth level is redefinition, this is where technology can be used to create new ways of displaying and presenting work. Children are able to present their work in the form of video blogs or YouTube clips and are no longer restricted by what is possible with a pen and a piece of paper. Teachers can create interactive quizzes and are able to collaborate with teachers from around the world as well as with their own pupils and colleagues all with the aim of improving learning and teaching for everyone. It is with these final two stages of the SAMR model that the best use of technology can be found, when it used to create new and exciting ways of both learning new things and presenting what has been previously learnt. (Edinburgh city council, 2012)

The question of whether IWB technology is beneficial to the children in our schools is a difficult one to answer. When used properly it can certainly contribute to a more engaging and motivational learning environment, however this is not always the case. Whether through lack of training or a lack of desire to embrace the digital age there are cases where the technology that schools have spent so much on is not utilised to its full potential. Because of the massive investment schools have made, this technology is now firmly embedded within our classrooms it is therefore essential that teachers are properly trained, not just on the technical aspects of how to use IWBs but also in the pedagogical benefits of them. It is also very important that we recognise when it is beneficial to use these technologies, for too often they are used for trivial tasks which are not in any way enhanced by their use. We have, in our schools, an exceptionally powerful tool, with the potential to enrich and inspire millions of children but like all powerful tools, it is of very little benefit in the wrong hands.

References

You can download the resources using the links below:

Double sided binary cards
Double sided binary counting cards
Binary calculator template

Since the introduction of the new computing curriculum, much of the focus has been on programming.  Now that we have begun to get our teeth into this, it’s worth turning our attention towards helping our pupils to understand computer networks.

This begins with understanding binary; how computers store and transfer information.  But what is binary, how should we teach it at key stage 2 and why?
Binary falls within the Medium Term Plans at our school for Year 3, and provides the foundation for our pupils’ learning about networks. This base 2 number system crops up repetitively throughout computing and so has great relevance. Binary dictates memory threshold sizes, IP address thresholds, screen resolution sizes, processing speeds, the list is endless.

Just like anything, to teach binary successfully it needs to be practised, to embed the learning. In order to avoid further saturating the already full curriculum, we have chosen include this skill when learning about networks, programming and other areas of the pupils’ learning.

When introducing binary, it is useful to break down the introduction into sections.
What does a binary number look like?

• Review of place value and denary
• From denary to binary
• Counting in binary
• Assessment

So what does a binary number look like?


To teach this section you will need:
Double-sided Binary Cards (enough for every child in the class)

Binary is a number system made up of ones (1) and zeros (0). A one and a zero could be used to represent all sorts of information; on/off, true/false, black/white etc… Ask the children what those pairs have in common. At this point it is useful to involve 5 pupils providing each with one of a double-sided binary cards. On handing out the cards I usually give them the zero side stating ‘you are a zero’ (this often sparks up some amusement, as one of them may comment that they’re not nothing!). Pupils usually automatically line up with the numbers and hold them in front of them, if not encourage this. Ask the pupils to all turn over their cards (to display the number 1) and say “on”, ask the children to turn them back to zero and say “off” involve other members of the class encouraging them to use alternatives such as true or false etc…

Next ask pupils to turn over cards to represent the following 01101 then challenge other pupils to read out the number. Pupils will most likely ignore the 0 on the left, then read the number as one thousand, one hundred and one, as they will assume it to be a denary number. Highlight to them that this is a binary number, ask them to remind you what a binary number can include (only a 0 or a 1).

Next getting the class into groups of 5s hand out the remaining double-sided number cards. In the very likely situation where there are surplus pupils, rather than making a smaller group, these pupils can become ‘Binary Callers’ ensuring that numbers are made up correctly. Call out a 5 digit binary number to check that pupils represent these correctly. Then the ‘Binary Callers’ can call out variations of 5 bit binary representations such as on, off, on, on, off or true, false, false, false true. After repeating this a few times, switch over your ‘Binary Callers’ and then challenge children to organise themselves correctly without communicating (you may well find that 1 or 2 pupils in each group take the lead at telling others to display a zero or 1 as appropriate). Then for the next binary number challenge the children to make sure they know which location they are in (i.e. first binary number, middle or last etc…) then they close their eyes and try to represent the number correctly. This usually creates a little amusement, as you might imagine.

Tell the pupils that each zero or one represents a ‘bit’, you could also introduce that 8 bits is known collectively as a byte (and if you want to take it a little further, that 4 bits is a ‘nibble’, a fact that pupils usually find amusing).

Advise pupils that all digital information is stored or transmitted in binary and ask them to consider all the different forms that this could take i.e. text, music, photographs, videos, requests for information. This is whether the information is on their computer or the internet, on a digital camera or a smartphone.

At this point, it is useful for pupils to consider why there are only two options. Using a physical switch (such as a light switch) is a constructive, visual way of demonstrating that digital information is stored on lots and lots of tiny switches within digital devices. A switch has two states; it can be on or off. As modern number systems start at 0, off is represented by 0, whilst on is represented by 1. You may choose to ask pupils why they think we don’t use Roman Numerals as a number system; Zero cannot be represented in Roman Numerals.

Review of place value and denary
To teach this section you will need:
A whiteboard – preferably interactive

Having introduced what a binary number looks like, it’s time to look at number systems, how they work and how binary can be used to represent numbers. The number system that we use is called denary. Remind pupils that the binary number system is base 2.

Questions:
Binary is base 2. What clues are there in its name tell us this? Often it will help to ask pupils to name other words that begin in the same way and question what these have in common e.g. bicycle, biplane etc…
Can we work out what the base number is for denary?
Why do we think that the number system that we now use is base 10? Perhaps because we have 10 fingers (or digits)?
If base 2 has 2 states, how many states does denary have? Use fingers to show each of the ten states, starting at zero. Remind them how important zero.

Next create a place value table on the board
Above write Denary – Base 10
Write in the place value titles then add in the power value for each column explaining that this refers to how many times you multiply a number by itself. Ie 103 = 10 x 10 x 10
Ask pupils to remember that denary has 10 states, then ask what is the smallest number that can exist in units, when you receive the correct minimum enter 0 beneath units. Then ask pupils what is the largest number that can exist in units, again when the correct answer is given write 9.
Do the same for the Tens column, ensuring that pupils realise that the minimum and maximums will be the same for each column.

From denary to binary
To teach this section you will need:
A Whiteboard – preferably interactive

Start a new place value table
Above it write Binary – Base 2
Write in the first 3 place value titles of 1, 2 and 4 then ask the pupils to help fill in the power value for each column reminding them that this refers to how many times you multiply a number by itself. i.e. 23 = 2 x 2 x 2
Ask pupils to try and calculate what values should be written in the empty columns.
Ask pupils to remember that binary has 2 states, then ask what is the smallest number that can exist in units, when you receive the correct minimum enter 0 beneath units. Then ask pupils what is the largest number that can exist in units, again when the correct answer is given write 1.
Do the same for the 2 column and so on, ensuring that pupils realise that the minimum and maximum will be the same for each column.

Counting in binary
To teach this section you will need:
A Whiteboard – preferably interactive
Double-sided Binary Counting Cards
Binary Calculator Templates (pages 2 & 3) – printed on card

Hold up a random Binary Counting Card showing them the ‘on’ side. Using the binary table that you have created, ask pupils where you should place the card. They should use the quantity of dots to help them place it correctly. Do this for the remaining 5 columns demonstrating the value of each column. Draw attention to the 1 at the bottom of the Counting Card, ask what this means in binary.
Next turn one of the Counting Cards over stating that it is now off. You now longer have those dots and the binary value of 0 is now shown.
Use the Binary Counting Cards to display 01000 state that this means that 1 is off, 2 is off, 4 is off, 8 is on and 16 is off. The denary conversion for this binary representation is 8.

Questions:
Is it possible to make 4? Once the explored display the binary representation for 4 (00100).
Is it possible to make 3? Once the explored display the binary representation for 3 (00011).
Using the binary place value table, we can see that we have 2 and we have 1 by adding those numbers together, we get 3
Is it possible to count using binary representations?

Assessment
To teach this section you will need:
Mini Binary Counting Cards where needed for support
Binary Calculator Templates (pages 2 & 3) – printed on card
A Challenge Sheet to test calculators

Give pupils instructions for making their Binary Calculators. They will need to fill in the denary values for each column, in the correct place. They will also need to apply some computational thinking around sliding in the strips so that the correct information displays.
Finally, in order to test their calculator, you will need to create a challenge sheet, this could be made up of some of the questions below as well as asking them to supply binary representations for denary numbers or vice versa, and asking them to create their own challenges for their peers.

Questions:
What is the highest number we could count to with 5 bits?
With Binary Counting Cards in all 5 columns set to 1 (on), we can add all of those numbers to total 31 i.e. 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 31 Can we count higher in binary?
How high could we count if we weren’t restricted by the number of bits?
Could we use our fingers to count in binary?
Can we quickly tell if a binary number represents an odd or even number without calculating the answer? If yes, how?
What is the highest number we could count to using both hands?

This lesson can be undertaken either over 2 one hour sessions (including a review of prior learning), or as a 90 minute session. Two sessions work best for better understanding.

We have found that pupils have greatly enjoyed learning about this, and choose to return to their binary calculators to challenge themselves in independent learning time and reward time.

We have also found that different pupils will grasp the concept at different points in the lesson. In particular, some pupils struggle a little with the switch from denary to binary section of the lesson. It is important to encourage them to stick with it as there is usually a light bulb moment for them quite quickly. The making of the binary calculator provides a great opportunity for spending more time with any pupils who may need further support to understanding.

As an extension task or homework, we encourage our pupils to make a game checking their peers knowledge. Our pupils use Purple Mash 2 DIY games for this, however other software could easily be used or they could create their own question and answer challenge cards on paper.

This really can be a fun lesson to teach, pupils greatly enjoy it and many have gone on to choose to spend time outside of school creating codes , practising and even teaching adults!

Credits:
Lesson created following CAS Binary training by Kevin Young, CAS Master Teacher Counting Cards are adaptations of the CSUnplugged resources